Divided By a Common Concept? Assessing the Implications of Different Conceptualisations of Hate Crime in the European Union
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چکیده
In recent years the European Union has witnessed rising levels of hate crime. However, while there have been a number of legislative and other policy initiatives introduced across the EU to combat such offences, these have developed in a piecemeal and sometimes half-hearted fashion. This article outlines the difficulties evident in theorising hate crime and how these problems have been reflected in the divergent ways that hate crime legislation has developed across the EU. It argues that a human rights-based approach to combating hate crime, endorsed by many EU institutions, has failed to tackle the problem effectively and has resulted in the uneven protection of hate crime victim groups. By utilising an individual rather than group-based human rights approach, the damaging nature and effect of such ‘targeted victimisation’ upon all hate crime victims can be better understood and addressed.
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